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Fluktuasi Tingkat Polutan PM2.5 Indonesia Selama 3 Dekade Terakhir | Databoks
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Fluktuasi Tingkat Polutan PM2.5 Indonesia Selama 3 Dekade Terakhir

Rata-rata Volume PM2.5 per Tahun yang Dihitung Berdasarkan Populasi (1990-2020)

Sumber : Health Effects Institute, 2024

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Disalin..
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Penulis: Erlina F. Santika

Editor: Erlina F. Santika

15/7/2024, 18.06 WIB

Laporan State of Global Air 2024 yang diolah Health Effects Institute (HEI) menghimpun tren tingkat polutan particulate matter berukuran 2,5 mikron atau PM2.5.

Angka rerata yang didapatkan turut menghitung jumlah populasi negara. Pada 1990 rerata volume polutan PM2.5 Indonesia mencapai 29,8 mikron gram per meter kubik (µg/m3).

Titik itu sebenarnya cenderung menurun setiap tahunnya. Pada 2000, rerata PM2.5 Indonesia mencapai 26,2 µg/m3. Lalu memasuki 2011, rata-rata PM2.5 Indonesia turun menjadi 17,9 µg/m3.

Namun setelah 2011, angka PM2.5 Indonesia naik dan turun seperti terlihat pada grafik. Bahkan pada 2017, rerata volumenya mencapai 17 µg/m3, menjadi yang terendah selama tiga dekade ini.

Data terakhir pada 2020, rata-rata tingkat polutan tersebut turun menjadi 17,9 µg/m3.

Sebagai catatan, angka tersebut menghitung rata-rata nasional. Ada beberapa daerah yang terpantau memiliki PM2.5 yang buruk bagi kesehatan, ada juga yang masih sehat.

(Baca juga: Kualitas Udara Jawa Timur Senin Sore Terburuk di Indonesia)

Adapun acuan ambang batas sehat PM2.5 sebagai berikut:

  • Baik: 0–15 µg/m3.
  • Sedang : 16–65 µg/m3.
  • Tidak sehat : 66–50 µg/m3.
  • Sangat tidak sehat : 151–250 µg/m3.

Melansir IQAir, bahaya PM2.5 yang berukuran kecil ini dapat mengendap jauh ke dalam saluran pernapasan. "PM2.5 juga mampu memasuki sistem peredaran darah dan bahkan otak," tulis IQAir dalam lamannya yang dikutip pada Senin (15/7/2024).

Gejala jangka pendek paparan materi partikulat yang tinggi termasuk di antaranya iritasi tenggorokan dan saluran pernapasan, batuk, dan kesulitan bernapas. Komplikasi yang lebih serius dan jangka panjang dapat mencakup:

  • Penyakit jantung dan paru-paru
  • Bronkitis
  • Empisema
  • Serangan jantung nonfatal
  • Detak jantung tidak teratur
  • Asma dan flareup yang lebih intens
  • Fungsi paru yang menurun
  • Kematian dini.

(Baca juga: Kematian Akibat Polutan PM2.5 di Indonesia Cenderung Naik sejak 1990)

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