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Meski Kemiskinan Turun, Sentra Nikel Maluku Utara Hadapi Banyak Tantangan | Databoks Home Meski Kemiskinan Turun, Sentra Nikel Maluku Utara Hadapi Banyak Tantangan Meski Kemiskinan Turun, Sentra Nikel Maluku Utara Hadapi Banyak Tantangan Tingkat Kemiskinan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Maluku Utara (2014-2023) Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2024
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Penulis: Cindy Mutia Annur
Editor: Adi Ahdiat
30/1/2024, 16.04 WIB
Menurut data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), terjadi penurunan tingkat kemiskinan di sejumlah daerah sentra nikel Maluku Utara, yaitu Kabupaten Halmahera Timur dan Halmahera Tengah.
Selama 2014-2023 tingkat kemiskinan di Halmahera Timur berkurang dari 15,94% menjadi 12,47%. Dalam periode sama, kemiskinan di Halmahera Tengah turun dari 16,88% menjadi 11,44%.
Kendati kemiskinannya berkurang, daerah sentra nikel di Maluku Utara menghadapi berbagai tantangan akibat industri nikel.
Hal ini salah satunya terlihat dari penelitian Aksi Ekologi Emansipasi Rakyat (AEER), organisasi non-profit di bidang lingkungan dan energi.
Pada 2023 AEER melakukan penelitian di sejumlah desa di Kabupaten Halmahera Tengah, yang kini menjadi bagian area konsesi industri nikel PT Indonesia Weda Bay Industrial Park (IWIP).
Peneliti AEER Andi Rahmana mengatakan, setelah IWIP masuk ke wilayah tersebut, lahan perkebunan, hutan bakau, dan wilayah permukiman warga berubah.
"Seperti daerah Sungai Ake Sake yang dialihkan menjadi pembangunan PLTU batu bara, beberapa sungai bahkan ditimbun dan tidak lagi mengalir menuju Teluk Weda, seperti Sungai Karkar, Sungai Woebem dan Sungai Gwondi," kata Andi, dikutip dari Media Indonesia (31/7/2023).
Andi juga menemukan, kemunculan industri nikel di wilayah tersebut memicu persoalan sengketa lahan serta pergeseran mata pencaharian warga.
"Warga yang berprofesi sebagai petani kehilangan kebunnya, dan nelayan yang tadinya hanya perlu melaut 1 kilometer dari pinggir pantai kini harus melaut sampai 20 hingga 30 kilometer, karena wilayah operasional IWIP berbahaya. Ada kapal-kapal tongkang yang mengangkut batu bara dan logistik, dan populasi ikan di pesisir pantai menurun," kata Andi.
Menurut Product Manager Katadata Green, Jeany Hartriani, hilirisasi pertambangan memang kerap memunculkan tantangan berupa risiko deforestasi, konflik sosial, serta kerusakan lingkungan.
Ada pula tantangan dalam hal pengelolaan limbah, keterlibatan komunitas dan masyarakat lokal, ketersediaan tenaga kerja lokal yang terampil, serta munculnya tindakan korupsi dan mafia tambang.
Untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut, Jeany pun memaparkan tiga rekomendasi terkait program hilirisasi tambang, berdasarkan hasil rangkaian diskusi Katadata Green bersama organisasi masyarakat dan lembaga riset.
"Di bidang tata kelola, butuh adanya peta jalan (roadmap ) yang detail dan target terukur, penerapan prinsip ESG untuk mengurangi dampak negatif hilirisasi, serta kepastian transfer teknologi dan pengetahuan," kata Jeany dalam diskusi Katadata Forum di Hotel Aone, Jakarta Pusat, Kamis (25/1/2024).
"Di bidang kebijakan investasi, butuh pengkajian ulang insentif seperti tax holiday dan diskon royalti untuk mencegah over -investasi smelter, dan fokus pada kebijakan pelarangan ekspor barang mentah," ujarnya.
"Terakhir, di bidang pemilihan fokus hilirisasi, rekomendasinya mencakup pembuatan skala prioritas hilirisasi berdasarkan kesiapan industri dan komoditas, serta pengembangan industri daur ulang limbah baterai," kata Jeany.
(Baca: Investasi Hilirisasi 2023 Tembus Rp375 Triliun, Terbesar untuk Smelter Mineral )