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Kekerasan terhadap Etnis Rohingya, dari Pembunuhan sampai Mutilasi | Databoks
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Kekerasan terhadap Etnis Rohingya, dari Pembunuhan sampai Mutilasi

Proporsi Pengungsi Rohingya yang Menyaksikan Kekerasan terhadap Etnisnya di Myanmar (2018)

Sumber : U.S. Department of State, 2019

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Penulis: Adi Ahdiat

Editor: Adi Ahdiat

6/12/2023, 17.40 WIB

Pada 2 Desember 2023, sebuah perahu kayu berisi rombongan pengungsi Rohingya mendarat di pantai Ie Meulee, Kecamatan Sukmajaya, Kota Sabang, Aceh.

"Jumlahnya (pengungsi Rohingya yang datang) sekitar 139 orang," kata Syahrial, camat setempat, disiarkan Antara, Sabtu (2/12/2023).

Ini bukan kali pertama. Rombongan pengungsi Rohingya sudah beberapa kali masuk ke Indonesia sejak 2015. Jika ditotalkan, jumlahnya sudah melampaui seribu orang.

"(Pengungsi Rohingya di Indonesia) sekarang sudah 1.478 orang," kata Menko Polhukam Mahfud MD, disiarkan Antara, Selasa (5/12/2023).

Siapa Itu Pengungsi Rohingya?

Menurut laporan The Rohingya Crisis dari Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Rohingya adalah nama kelompok etnis dari Rakhine, wilayah Kerajaan Arakan yang kini menjadi bagian negara Myanmar.

Etnis Rohingya tercatat sudah bermukim di Rakhine sejak abad ke-15. Populasinya pun terus berkembang sampai abad ke-19 ketika Rakhine dikuasai Inggris.

Namun, setelah Myanmar merdeka pada 1948, pemerintah setempat menolak mengakui etnis Rohingya sebagai warga negara mereka.

Hal itu terkait dengan banyaknya perbedaan antara etnis Rohingya dengan etnis mayoritas di Myanmar, baik dari segi budaya, bahasa, dan agama.

CFR menyebut "pemerintah Myanmar mendiskriminasi etnis Rohingya secara sistematis", mulai dari membatasi izin perkawinan, akses pendidikan, pekerjaan, sampai layanan kesehatan.

Setelah puluhan tahun jadi sasaran diskriminasi, muncul kelompok militan Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) yang memperjuangkan hak etnis Rohingya.

Pada 2017, ARSA menyerang sejumlah pos polisi dan militer Myanmar. Pemerintah setempat lantas menuding ARSA sebagai organisasi teroris dan membalas serangan lewat operasi militer besar.

Menurut catatan CFR, dalam operasi tersebut militer Myanmar menghancurkan ratusan desa, membunuh sekitar 6.700 orang, dan memaksa hampir 700.000 orang Rohingya untuk keluar dari wilayah Myanmar.

Sebagian besar etnis Rohingya lalu mengungsi ke negara tetangganya, yaitu Bangladesh.

Kesaksian Para Pengungsi Rohingya

Pada 2018, Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat menggelar survei kepada 1.024 pengungsi Rohingya yang berlindung di Bangladesh.

Hasilnya, 82% pengungsi mengaku menyaksikan pembunuhan saat mereka masih tinggal di Myanmar.

Kemudian ada yang menyaksikan penghancuran desa (82%), penculikan atau penangkapan (65%), pencederaan (64%), dan pembatasan pergerakan (57%).

Cukup banyak pula yang menyaksikan serangan bersenjata (51%), kekerasan seksual (51%), pencurian barang (47%), pencurian ternak (46%), pencurian makanan (37%), dan pelecehan agama (30%).

Bahkan, ada sebagian kecil pengungsi yang mengaku menyaksikan mutilasi (10%) saat mereka berada di negara asalnya.

Sebagai catatan, survei ini hanya mencerminkan proporsi pengungsi Rohingya yang menjadi saksi kekerasan, bukan menunjukkan jumlah insiden kekerasannya.

(Baca: Tak Sedikit Pengungsi Rohingya yang Tewas saat Cari Suaka)

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