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Ini Beda Kontribusi UMKM dan Perusahaan Besar di RI, Thailand, dan Singapura | Databoks
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Ini Beda Kontribusi UMKM dan Perusahaan Besar di RI, Thailand, dan Singapura

Proporsi Distribusi UMKM dan Perusahan Besar Indonesia, Thailand, Singapura terhadap PDB (2019-2022)

Sumber : Katadata Insight Center (KIC), 2 Oktober 2023

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Penulis: Erlina F. Santika

Editor: Erlina F. Santika

9/10/2023, 20.26 WIB

Riset yang diolah Katadata Insight Center (KIC) dan perusahaan penyedia layanan social commerce Evermos menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan distribusi nilai tambah usaha mikro, kecil, menengah (UMKM) dan perusahaan besar di Indonesia dengan Thailand dan Singapura.

Meminjam data Kementerian Koperasi dan Usaha Kecil Menengah (Kemenkop), tim riset menyebut mayoritas atau 99% bisnis di Indonesia berada di level UMKM. UMKM sendiri berkontribusi sebesar 61,9% terhadap total produk domestik bruto (PDB) dan menyerap sekira 97% tenaga kerja lokal.

Dilihat dari distribusi kontribusinya terhadap PDB, usaha mikro menyumbang cukup besar, yakni 37,4% pada 2019. Sementara usaha kecil menyumbang 9,5% dan menengah sebesar 13,6%. Adapun perusahaan berskala besar menyumbang 39,5% pada tahun yang sama.

"Lanskap bisnis Indonesia didominasi perusahaan besar dan perusahaan berskala mikro yang sebagian besar merupakan sektor informal," tulis tim riset dalam laporan Beyond the Digital Frontier, Bagaimana Saluran Offline Memacu Kemajuan Merek Lokal.

Tim riset melihat hal ini bakal menciptakan fenomena "hollow in the middle", yakni kontribusi usaha kecil dan menengah (UKM) jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan usaha mikro dan perusahaan besar.

Selain itu, rendahnya nilai tambah bagi UKM menunjukkan potensi kelemahan dalam segmen usaha Indonesia. UKM, tulis tim riset, menghadapi tantangan produktivitas, daya saing, atau akses terbatas terhadap sumber daya.

Faktor penyebabnya beragam, bisa dari keterbatasan inovasi, akses pasar, hingga kesulitan dalam meningkatkan skala operasi.

"Jika kita bandingkan dengan Singapura dan Thailand, nilai tambah yang dihasilkan oleh bisnis di dua negara tersebut cenderung meningkat secara bertahap seiring dengan peningkatan skala usaha," tulis tim riset.

Berdasarkan data NESDC Thailand 2021, kontribusi usaha mikro negara tersebut mencapai 2,6% terhadap PDB. Sementara usaha kecil mencapai 14,4%; menengah 17,6%; besar 58,9%; dan lainnya 6,5%.

Sementara data statistik Singapura 2020 menunjukkan, kontribusi usaha kecil mencapai 9% terhadap PDB; menengah sebanyak 22%; dan besar 69%.

Sebagai catatan, data Singapura didasarkan pada nilai tambah yang dihasilkan oleh sektor jasa. Di Singapura, perusahaan diklasifikasikan hanya sebagai UKM atau non-UKM, tidak ada kategori usaha mikro.

"Distribusi ini menunjukkan lanskap bisnis yang beragam di mana perusahaan besar mendominasi nilai tambah produksi, tetapi usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah secara kolektif tetap bisa menyumbang kontribusi signifikan terhadap total keseluruhan output ekonomi," tulis tim riset.

Tim riset berpandangan, prioritas penting saat ini adalah menggali potensi penuh UMKM dan memastikan keberlanjutannya. Pemerintah memang menekankan inisiatif untuk mendorong UMKM dengan menyediakan berbagai sumber daya dan peluang pertumbuhan.

Kendati sudah ada upaya tersebut, tim riset melihat pertumbuhan UMKM masih cenderung lambat. Kendala-kendala mendasar seperti perolehan modal dan pembiayaan menyebabkan UMKM mengalami kesenjangan kemampuan.

Adapun kesenjangannya merujuk pada keterbatasan kemampuan internal perusahaan untuk merespons peluang pasar dengan efektif.

"Akibatnya, UMKM sering menghadapi kesulitan untuk menciptakan nilai tambah dan menghambat kemampuannya untuk memperoleh keunggulan kompetitif yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan skala operasi," tulis tim riset.

(Baca juga: Ini Hambatan yang Dihadapi Pelaku Usaha dalam Memperluas Saluran Penjualan)

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