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Menakar Kekuatan Partai Politik Islam, Ini Tren Suaranya Sejak 1999 | Databoks Home Menakar Kekuatan Partai Politik Islam, Ini Tren Suaranya Sejak 1999 Menakar Kekuatan Partai Politik Islam, Ini Tren Suaranya Sejak 1999 Perolehan Suara Partai Politik Berbasis Islam dalam Pemilu 1999-2019 (2019) Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 23 Desember 2019
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Penulis: Erlina F. Santika
Editor: Erlina F. Santika
15/9/2023, 16.49 WIB
Partai politik (parpol) berbasis Islam telah bermunculan sejak pemilihan umum (pemilu ) periode awal. Namun jika dilihat perjalanannya, tak banyak partai Islam yang bertahan hingga pemilu terakhir, 2019 lalu.
Melansir CNN Indonesia , Lingkar Survei Indonesia (LSI) menyebut penggolongan partai Islam berdasarkan dua hal, yakni persepsi publik dan pendapat para ahli. LSI pun mengelompokkan partai Islam di antaranya PKB, PKS, PAN, PPP, PBB, Gelora, hingga Partai Ummat.
Lima dari tujuh parpol tersebut sudah berkontestasi sejak Pemilu 1999. Mereka adalah PKB , PKS, PAN, PPP, dan PBB. Sementara dua lainnya, yakni Gelora dan Ummat, baru berdiri masing-masing pada 2019 dan 2021.
Berdasarkan data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) dan Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU), perolehan suara lima partai politik tersebut berfluktuasi.
Pada 1999, PKB menjadi partai dengan perolehan suara terbesar di antara lima partai Islam tersebut, yakni 13,32 juta suara atau 12,62% dari total perolehan suara sah nasional. Ini merupakan angka yang cukup besar, mengingat tahun tersebut adalah pertama kalinya partai besutan Gus Dur tersebut bertarung.
Selama perjalanannya hingga Pemilu 2019, PKB sebenarnya kerap mendapat perolehan yang paling tinggi di antara kelompok tersebut, yakni di atas 10 juta suara. Namun pada 2009, suaranya anjlok menjadi 5,14 juta atau 4,95% dari total suara sah.
Partai berbasis Islam yang cenderung naik perolehan suaranya adalah PKS. Jika dilihat pada grafik, PKS mendapat perolehan yang kecil saat Pemilu 1999, hanya 1,43 juta suara atau 1,36%. Namun setelahnya, suara partai bernama lahir Partai Keadilan itu kerap naik, hanya turun tipis satu kali pada 2009.
PBB menjadi partai dengan perolehan suara paling kecil di dalam kelompok ini. Selama lima periode pemilu, hanya satu kali suaranya mengalami kenaikan, yakni pada 2004 dengan perolehan 2,97 juta atau 2,62% dari suara sah nasional.
(Baca juga: Riwayat Suara PKB di Jatim dan Nasional Sejak Pemilu 1999, Bisa Kerek Anies? )
Tantangan partai politik berbasis Islam pada Pemilu 2024
LSI melihat secara keseluruhan partai berbasis Islam dukungannya berpotensi menurun pada 2024 mendatang. Bahkan menurutnya bisa jadi paling buruk sepanjang sejarah pemilu bebas Indonesia.
LSI juga membeberkan tiga faktor yang menyebabkan partai-partai tersebut tak pernah menjadi pemenang dalam sejarah pemilu di Indonesia. CNN Indonesia menulis, pertama, depolitisasi Islam di era Orde Baru lewat azas tunggal Pancasila.
Kedua, kelompok partai Islam dinilai tak memiliki banyak inovasi sejak reformasi. Ketiga, kelompok ini tak memiliki figur kuat untuk maju dalam kontestasi pemilihan presiden (pilpres).
Di samping itu, Direktur Eksekutif Voxpol Center Research and Consulting, Pangi Syarwi Chaniago, mengatakan munculnya banyak partai Islam justru berpotensi memecah suara pemilih Muslim, seperti yang diwartakan Tempo.co . Ini membuat partai Islam akan sulit menjadi kekuatan dominan jika tidak ada satu partai dengan basis pemilih yang kuat.
"Munculnya banyak partai Islam akan membuat kondisi makin kompleks. Yang diharapkan partai Islam sebagai kekuatan, justru terbelah ke banyak partai," ujar Pangi, Juni 2023 lalu.
Dalam pengamatannya, sebagian pemilih partai nasionalis ada yang berasal dari kalangan Islam. Ini sekaligus menunjukkan bahwa sebagian pemilih yang beragama Islam cenderung memilih partai nasionalis sebagai pilihan politik mereka.
"Dengan demikian, partai Islam tidak bisa berharap hanya kepada pemilih Muslim saja. Ini yang menjadi problem sebetulnya," kata dia. Maka dari itu, Pangi melihat partai Islam harus memiliki basis pemilih kultural yang solid.
Berikut perolehan suara partai berbasis Islam 1999-2019:
1999 PKB 13.321.837 suara (12,62%) PK (Partai Keadilan) 1.431.482 suara (1,36%) PPP 11.313.037 suara (10,72%) PAN 7.504.900 suara (7,11%) PBB 2.046.773 suara (1,94%) 2004 PKB 11.989.564 suara (10,56%) PKS 8.325.020 suara (7,34%) PPP 9.248.764 suara (8,15%) PAN 7.313.305 suara (6,44%) PBB 2.970.487 suara (2,62%) 2009 PKB 5.146.302 suara (4,95%) PKS 8.204.946 suara (7,89%) PPP 5.544.332 suara (5,33%) PAN 6.273.462 suara (6,03%) PBB 1.864.642 suara (1,79%) 2014 PKB 11.292.151 suara (9,04%) PKS 8.455.614 suara (6,77%) PPP 8.152.957 suara (6,53%) PAN 9.459.415 suara (7,57%) PBB 1.822.908 suara (1,46%) 2019 PKB 13.570.097 suara (9,72%) PKS 11.493.663 suara (8,19%) PPP 6.323.147 suara (4,51%) PAN 9.572.623 suara (6,74%) PBB 1.099.848 suara (0,79%) (Baca juga: Survei Litbang Kompas, Elektabilitas PDIP Ungguli PKB di Kalangan Pemilih NU )