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Mengenal Wujud PM 2.5 dan PM 10 Penyebab Polusi Udara di Jakarta | Databoks
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Mengenal Wujud PM 2.5 dan PM 10 Penyebab Polusi Udara di Jakarta

Perbandingan Wujud Penyebab Polusi Udara PM 2.5, PM 10, dan Benda Lainnya

Sumber : United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 11 Juli 2023

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Disalin..
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Penulis: Cindy Mutia Annur

Editor: Erlina F. Santika

12/9/2023, 14.52 WIB

Polusi udara yang mengepung wilayah Jakarta dan sekitarnya terdiri dari polutan yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan terhadap manusia. Lantas, seperti apa wujud partikel polusi tersebut?

Menurut Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat (US EPA), polusi partikel disebut juga sebagai materi partikulat alias Particulate Matter (PM). Istilah ini digunakan untuk campuran partikel padat dan tetesan cairan yang ditemukan di udara.

Contoh PM meliputi beberapa partikel, seperti debu, kotoran, jelaga, atau asap, berukuran besar atau cukup gelap untuk dilihat dengan mata telanjang. Sementara, partikel lainnya sangat kecil sehingga hanya dapat dideteksi menggunakan mikroskop elektron.

Polusi partikel terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu PM 2.5 dan PM 10. Adapun PM 2.5 meliputi partikel halus yang dapat terhirup, dengan diameter umumnya 2,5 mikrometer atau lebih kecil dari itu. Sementara, PM 10 adalah partikel udara dengan diameter 10 mikrometer atau kurang dari itu.

“Seberapa kecil 2,5 mikrometer? Bayangkan sehelai rambut dari kepala anda. Rata-rata rambut manusia berdiameter sekitar 70 mikrometer–menjadikannya 30 kali lebih besar dari partikel halus terbesar,” kata US EPA dilansir dari lamannya, Selasa (11/7/2023).

US EPA menjelaskan, polusi partikel mempunyai berbagai ukuran dan bentuk dan dapat terdiri dari ratusan bahan kimia yang berbeda. Selain itu, ada pula yang dipancarkan langsung dari sumbernya, seperti lokasi konstruksi, jalan tidak beraspal, ladang, cerobong asap, atau kebakaran.

“Sebagian besar partikel terbentuk di atmosfer sebagai akibat dari reaksi kompleks bahan kimia seperti sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen oksida, yang merupakan polutan yang dihasilkan dari pembangkit listrik, industri, dan mobil,” kata US EPA.

 (Baca: Ternyata Banyak yang Belum Tahu PM 2.5 dalam Indikator Polusi Udara)

Dampak Bahaya

US EPA mengatakan, beberapa partikel yang diameternya kurang dari 10 mikrometer dapat masuk ke dalam paru-paru dan beberapa di antaranya dapat masuk ke aliran darah. Bahkan, pada PM 2.5 yang masuk ke tubuh dapat menimbulkan risiko bagi kesehatan.

Berdasarkan sejumlah penelitian yang dilansir US EPA, terdapat beberapa dampak bahaya dari paparan polusi partikel bagi tubuh di antaranya:

  • kematian dini pada orang dengan penyakit jantung atau paru-paru
  • serangan jantung yang tidak fatal
  • detak jantung tidak teratur
  • asma yang memburuk
  • penurunan fungsi paru-paru
  • peningkatan gejala pernafasan, seperti iritasi pada saluran pernafasan, batuk atau kesulitan bernafas.

“Orang dengan penyakit jantung atau paru-paru, anak-anak, dan orang lanjut usia adalah kelompok yang paling mungkin terkena dampak paparan polusi partikel,” kata US EPA.

Tak hanya itu, polusi partikel juga dapat menyebabkan gangguan visibilitas seperti berkurangnya jarak pandang sehingga penglihatan agak berkabut.

(Baca: Daftar 10 Kota dengan Polusi Udara Terburuk Sepanjang Agustus 2023, Tangsel Juaranya)

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