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Bukan Cuma Jepang, Ini Negara yang Buang Limbah Nuklir ke Laut | Databoks
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Bukan Cuma Jepang, Ini Negara yang Buang Limbah Nuklir ke Laut

Jumlah Limbah Nuklir Tritium Cair yang Dibuang ke Sungai/Laut Berdasarkan Negara Asal (2021)

Sumber : Kementerian Ekonomi, Perdagangan, dan Industri Jepang (METI), 2023

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Disalin..
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Penulis: Adi Ahdiat

Editor: Adi Ahdiat

1/9/2023, 15.00 WIB

Jepang menjadi sorotan masyarakat internasional, setelah mereka mengumumkan pembuangan limbah nuklir ke laut pada Agustus 2023.

Limbah yang dibuang itu berupa air bekas pendingin reaktor pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir (PLTN) Fukushima Daiichi milik Tokyo Electric Power Company (Tepco).

Tepco mengklaim, sebelum dibuang ke laut, air limbah mereka sudah diolah dengan metode Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS), sehingga tingkat kontaminasinya memenuhi standar aman.

Setelah melalui proses ALPS, air limbah buangan Tepco diklaim hanya terkontaminasi oleh sisa zat radioaktif bernama "tritium", dan kadarnya jauh lebih rendah dibanding standar kontaminasi air minum dari World Health Organization (WHO).

WHO menetapkan standar kontaminasi tritium dalam air minum yang aman untuk manusia maksimal 10.000 Becquerel/Bq (satuan radioaktif) per liter. Sementara, kadar tritium dalam air limbah nuklir Tepco di bawah 1.500 Bq per liter.

Hal itu juga sudah dikonfirmasi oleh International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), badan otonom di bidang kerja sama nuklir global.

"Dampak pembuangan (air limbah Tepco yang sudah diolah) terhadap manusia konsisten dengan standar keselamatan internasional," kata tim IAEA dalam laporan Comprehensive Report on the Safety Review of the ALPS-Treated Water at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (Juli 2023).

(Baca: Jepang, Negara Produsen Energi Nuklir Terbesar ke-8 di Dunia)

Namun, Jepang bukan satu-satunya negara yang membuang air limbah nuklir berisi tritium ke laut.

Menurut Kementerian Ekonomi, Perdagangan, dan Industri Jepang (METI), negara-negara produsen energi nuklir besar dunia juga umumnya melakukan hal serupa.

"Di fasilitas nuklir, baik di dalam maupun luar negeri, tritium dibuang sebagai limbah cair ke sungai dan laut, serta dibuang ke atmosfer melalui proses ventilasi, sesuai dengan aturan hukum di negara masing-masing," kata tim METI dalam dokumen presentasi What is ALPS Treated Water? yang dipublikasikan di situs resmi mereka.

Berikut daftar negara yang membuang limbah nuklir berupa tritium cair ke sungai dan laut pada tahun 2021, berdasarkan data yang dihimpun METI:

  • Prancis: 10.042 triliun Becquerel/Bq (satuan radioaktif)
  • Kanada: 1.760 triliun Bq
  • Tiongkok: 304 triliun Bq
  • Romania: 130 triliun Bq
  • Korea Selatan: 120 triliun Bq
  • Amerika Serikat: 43,4 triliun Bq
  • Taiwan: 35 triliun Bq
  • Spanyol: 25,6 triliun Bq
  • Slovenia: 16 triliun Bq
  • Jerman: 1,1 triliun Bq

Menurut data METI, pada 2021 Jepang tidak membuang tritium. Namun, pemerintah mereka sudah menerapkan aturan bahwa pembuangan tritium ke sungai dan laut maksimal 22 triliun Bq per tahun.

Adapun angka-angka di atas hanya mencakup jumlah limbah tritium cair, belum termasuk limbah tritium berbentuk uap (steam) yang dillepaskan ke atmosfer dari fasilitas nuklir.

(Baca: Selain Jepang, Ini Negara yang Menyimpan Banyak Limbah Nuklir)

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