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Banyak Pendapat Soal Sumber Polusi Udara, Mana yang Diyakini Warga? | Databoks
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Banyak Pendapat Soal Sumber Polusi Udara, Mana yang Diyakini Warga?

Persepsi Responden Terkait Faktor Penyebab Polusi Udara (Agustus 2023)

Sumber : Kurious, Katadata Insight Center (KIC), 29 Agustus 2023

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Penulis: Cindy Mutia Annur

Editor: Adi Ahdiat

1/9/2023, 18.50 WIB

Isu mengenai polusi udara masih menjadi sorotan masyarakat. Apalagi, sempat terjadi perbedaan pendapat antara pemerintah dan instansi non-pemerintah terkait biang kerok polusi udara di Indonesia.

Pemerintah sempat mengklaim bahwa penyebab utama polusi udara di wilayah Jabodetabek adalah kendaraan. Namun, belakangan pemerintah mengakui bahwa pembangkit listrik tenaga uap (PLTU) juga menjadi salah satu penyumbang polusi udara yang cukup tinggi di wilayah tersebut.

"Jadi dikonfirmasi kembali bahwa angka-angka yang dilihat sebagai sumber pencemaran atau pun penurunan kualitas udara Jabodetabek yaitu 44% kendaraan, 34% PLTU, dan sisanya adalah lain-lain, termasuk dari rumah tangga, pembakaran dan lain-lain," kata Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (LHK) Siti Nurbaya Bakar dalam konferensi pers daring di YouTube Sekretariat Presiden, Senin (28/8/2023).

Pernyataan Siti tersebut berbeda dengan keterangan KLHK sebelumnya, yang menegaskan bahwa polusi udara yang terjadi di Jakarta bukan bersumber dari PLTU.

Sebelumnya, Dirjen Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Lingkungan (PPKL) KLHK Sigit Reliantoro mengatakan bahwa hasil satelit Sentinel-5P yang memuat informasi gas nitrogen dioksida (NO2) menunjukkan bahwa emisi di sekitar PLTU Suralaya, Banten tidak menunjukkan penyebaran ke Jakarta. Menurut dia, hal itu terjadi lantaran angin bertiup ke arah Selat Sunda.

"Kita melakukan studi untuk PLTU, juga untuk menjawab apakah PLTU masuk ke Jakarta atau tidak. Sudah terkonfirmasi, bahwa sebagian besar masuk ke Selat Sunda, tidak ke arah ke Jakarta," kata Sigit dilansir dari CNN Indonesia, Minggu (13/8/2023).

Di sisi lain, Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi) mengatakan bahwa kombinasi aktivitas sektor industri, transportasi hingga PLTU batu bara di Banten dan Jawa Barat menjadi penyebab buruknya kualitas udara di DKI Jakarta.

Ketua Kampanye Walhi DKI Jakarta, Muhammad Aminullah mengatakan, peran asap bakar dari PLTU batu bara di Banten dan Jawa Barat menjadi salah satu faktor memburuknya kualitas udara Jakarta belakangan ini. Menurut Walhi, PLTU menyumbang 20-30% polusi udara di Jakarta, sedangkan transportasi 30-40%.

"Peran PLTU punya potensi cukup signifikan yang menjadi sumber polutan di Jakarta. Ada PLTU milik PLN dan ada juga PLTU dari fasilitas industri," ujar Aminullah dilansir dari Katadata.co.id, Jumat (9/6/2023).

Hal itu sejalan dengan riset Greenpeace pada 2017, yang menyebut terdapat 10 PLTU batu bara dengan jarak 100 kilometer (km) dari Ibu Kota. Persebarannya, PLTU batu bara di Banten yang beroperasi 7 unit dan yang sedang dibangun 3 unit, Bekasi dengan 2 unit yang beroperasi dan 1 unit dibangun, dan Jawa Barat 1 PLTU yang beroperasi.

Hal serupa juga disampaikan oleh Pakar Otomotif dari Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Yannes Martinus Pasaribu. Ia menilai bahwa buruknya kualitas udara Jakarta tak melulu disebabkan oleh banyaknya kendaraan bermotor yang lalu lalang di jalanan Ibu Kota, lantaran kendaraan bermotor hanya salah satu sumber penghasil polusi sekitar 30-40%.

"Sementara itu, ada lebih dari 100 industri dalam radius 100 km dari Jakarta, ada sekitar 10 PLTU batu bara yang berkontribusi sekitar 20-30%," kata Yannes.

(Baca: Polusi Udara Jakarta: Daftar PLTU yang Bersemayam dan Penghentian Operasional Perusahaan)

Adapun berdasarkan survei Kurious-Katadata Insight Center (KIC), mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia menilai penyebab polusi udara adalah emisi kendaraan bermotor yang menggunakan bahan bakar minyak (BBM). Hal ini diyakini oleh 81% responden.

Kemudian, sebanyak 40,8% responden mengatakan penyebab polusi udara adalah emisi dari PLTU batu bara, dan 40% responden menyalahkan asap pembakaran sampah.

Ada pula 17,1% responden yang menganggap polusi udara disebabkan musim kemarau, diikuti oleh kegiatan konstruksi (11,1%), dan faktor lainnya (1,3%).

Sementara, ada 4,4% responden yang mengatakan tidak tahu/tidak menjawab pertanyaan survei ini.

Survei Kurious-KIC ini dilakukan terhadap 933 responden yang tersebar di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia, dengan proporsi 51,2% responden perempuan dan 48,8% responden laki-laki.

Mayoritas responden berasal dari Pulau Jawa selain Jakarta, yakni 62,1%, diikuti responden dari DKI Jakarta (15%) dan Pulau Sumatra (13,3%). Sementara, proporsi responden yang berasal dari Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Bali-Nusa, dan Maluku-Papua berada di rentang 0,2-3,5%.

Sebagian besar responden berasal dari kelompok usia antara 25-34 tahun (36,3%), disusul kelompok 35-44 tahun (28,9%) dan kelompok 45-54 tahun (16,9%).

Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada 22-29 Agustus 2023 menggunakan metode computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI), dengan toleransi kesalahan (margin of error) sekitar 3,2% dan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.

(Baca: 10 Daerah di Indonesia dengan Kualitas Udara Terburuk)

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