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Riset IMF, El Nino Bisa Gerus Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia | Databoks
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Riset IMF, El Nino Bisa Gerus Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia

Estimasi Dampak El Nino terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Negara Asia-Pasifik menurut IMF (2015)

Sumber : International Monetary Fund (IMF), April 2015

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Penulis: Adi Ahdiat

Editor: Adi Ahdiat

10/8/2023, 17.14 WIB

El Nino adalah fenomena cuaca yang bisa mengurangi curah hujan serta memicu kekeringan di sebagian belahan dunia. Menurut International Monetary Fund (IMF), El Nino juga rawan menggerus pertumbuhan ekonomi sejumlah negara.

"Kondisi cuaca ekstrem tersebut bisa membatasi pasokan komoditas pertanian yang bergantung pada air hujan, mendorong kenaikan harga dan inflasi umum, serta dapat memicu kerusuhan sosial di negara-negara yang bergantung pada komoditas makanan impor," kata IMF dalam laporan Fair Weather or Foul? The Macroeconomic Effects of El Nino (April 2015).

(Baca: 42 Negara Rawan Kekeringan akibat El Nino, Termasuk Indonesia)

IMF mencapai kesimpulan tersebut setelah menganalisis data-data ekonomi makro dan peristiwa El Nino yang terjadi di 21 negara, selama periode kuartal II 1979 sampai kuartal I 2013.

Mereka menemukan, El Nino cenderung berdampak negatif pada negara-negara yang mengandalkan produk domestik bruto (PDB) dari sektor primer (primary sector), yakni pertanian, kehutanan, perikanan, dan pertambangan.

"Semakin kecil pangsa sektor primer dalam PDB suatu negara, dan semakin ekonominya terdiversifikasi, maka dampak guncangan El Nino terhadap pertumbuhan PDB negara tersebut semakin kecil," kata IMF.

Adapun di antara negara-negara Asia-Pasifik yang dianalisis IMF, Indonesia merupakan negara yang pertumbuhan ekonominya paling rawan terdampak El Nino.

IMF mengestimasikan, peristiwa El Nino bisa menggerus pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia hingga turun 0,35 poin persentase per kuartal (nilai median).

"El Nino diperkirakan berdampak besar pada pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, karena pangsa sektor primer dalam PDB-nya mencapai 25 persen," kata IMF.

Di sisi lain, IMF menemukan ada beberapa negara Asia-Pasifik yang pertumbuhan ekonominya malah menguat saat terjadi El Nino, yakni Thailand, Korea Selatan, Singapura, Malaysia, dan Filipina.

"Kami melihat ada heterogenitas cukup besar dalam respons negara-negara terhadap guncangan El Nino," kata IMF.

"Ini menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang kebijakan apa yang diperlukan untuk melawan efek buruk El Nino. Kebijakan itu dapat mencakup perubahan pola tanam, penggunaan varietas benih tanaman yang lebih cepat panen, pelepasan stok makanan secara hati-hati, dan perubahan kebijakan impor," lanjutnya.

(Baca: Jelang Puncak El Nino, Harga Beras Naik pada Juli 2023)

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