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Inilah 10 Gempa Bumi Terbesar Sepanjang Sejarah, Dua di Antaranya dari Indonesia | Databoks
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Inilah 10 Gempa Bumi Terbesar Sepanjang Sejarah, Dua di Antaranya dari Indonesia

10 Gempa Bumi dengan Skala Kekuatan/Magnitudo Terbesar Sepanjang Sejarah (1900-2023)*

Sumber : Live Science, 28 Januari 2023

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Penulis: Cindy Mutia Annur

Editor: Padjar Iswara

8/6/2023, 15.44 WIB

Gempa bumi merupakan salah satu bencana alam paling berbahaya dan mematikan di dunia. Terlebih jika memiliki skala kekuatan gempa atau magnitudo yang tinggi.

Teranyar, Indonesia kembali dilanda gempa bumi yang mengguncang wilayah Yogyakarta dan sekitarnya pada Kamis (8/6/2023) dini pukul 00.04 WIB dengan berkekuatan 6 magnitudo. Meskipun kekuatan gempa tak terlalu besar, tapi Indonesia termasuk salah satu negara yang memiliki catatan gempa bumi terbesar.

Menurut data situs berita sains, Live Science, Indonesia memiliki 2 dari 10 gempa bumi dengan magnitudo terbesar sepanjang sejarah. Salah satunya  gempa di Banda Aceh, Sumatra pada 26 Desember 2004 lalu.

Gempa ini memiliki kekuatan sebesar 9,1 magnitudo dan termasuk gempa terbesar ketiga dalam sejarah. Live Science mencatat, terdapat hampir 300 ribu orang tewas dan sekitar 1,2 juta orang mengungsi akibat gempa bumi tersebut.

“Guncangan sangat kuat dirasakan di Banda Aceh, tetapi aspek yang paling mematikan dari gempa ini adalah tsunami yang diakibatkannya. Itu yang menyebabkan lebih banyak kematian daripada yang pernah tercatat dalam sejarah hingga saat itu,” kata Live Science.

Kemudian, gempa bumi berkekuatan 8,6 magnitudo yang terjadi di lepas pantai Sumatra bagian utara pada 11 April 2012. Gempa bumi ini tercatat sebagai yang terbesar ke-10 sepanjang sejarah. 

Menurut Live Science, karena melanda beberapa ratus mil lepas pantai, getarannya terasa kuat hanya di beberapa pusat populasi, seperti Banda Aceh dan Meulaboh. “(Gempa) itu hanya menyebabkan kerusakan struktural ringan di wilayah metropolitan tersebut,” ujar Live Science.

Meski demikian, getaran ringan akibat gempa tersebut dapat dirasakan hingga Mumbai, India, dan Broome, Australia. Live Science mengatakan, terdapat dua orang tewas akibat gempa tersebut, lalu 8 orang meninggal karena serangan jantung, dan 12 orang luka-luka.

Adapun gempa bumi terbesar sepanjang sejarah, yaitu melanda Valdivia, Cile pada 22 Mei 1960 dengan kekuatan sebesar 9,5 magnitudo. Sekitar 1.655 orang tewas dalam gempa bumi tersebut, di mana ribuan orang terluka, dan jutaan orang kehilangan tempat tinggal.

Selanjutnya, gempa bumi terbesar kedua melanda Prince William Sound, Alaska memiliki kekuatan sebesar 9,2 magnitudo pada 27 Maret 1964. Gempa besar dan tsunami yang mengikutinya merenggut 128 nyawa dan menyebabkan kerugian harta benda sekitar US$311 juta.

Berikut 10 gempa bumi terbesar sepanjang sejarah berdasarkan magnitudonya, dalam periode 1900-2023:

  1. Valdivia (Cile) – 1960: 9,5 magnitudo
  2. Alaska (AS) – 1964: 9,2 magnitudo
  3. Sumatra (Indonesia) – 2004: 9,2 magnitudo
  4. Tohoku (Jepang) – 2011: 9,1 magnitudo
  5. Kamchatka (Rusia) – 1952: 9 magnitudo
  6. Maule (Cile) – 2010: 8,8 magnitudo
  7. Ekuador (Kolombia) – 1906: 8,8 magnitudo
  8. Pulau Rat (Alaska) – 1965: 8,7 magnitudo
  9. Assam (Tibet) – 1950: 8,6 magnitudo
  10. Sumatra (Indonesia) – 2012: 8,6 magnitudo

(Baca: Deretan Gempa Bumi Paling Mematikan di Dunia Sejak 2000, Indonesia Terbanyak)

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