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Perjalanan Utang Amerika Serikat, Sentuh Rekor dan Terancam Gagal Bayar pada 2023 | Databoks
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Perjalanan Utang Amerika Serikat, Sentuh Rekor dan Terancam Gagal Bayar pada 2023

Utang Amerika Serikat (1980-2023)*

Sumber : Fiscal Data Treasury Gov US, 2023

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Disalin..
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Penulis: Erlina F. Santika

Editor: Erlina F. Santika

2/5/2023, 11.30 WIB

Utang Amerika Serikat (AS) melambung hingga US$31,46 triliun melalui hitungan real time pada Selasa (2/5/2023). Ini setara dengan Rp463.000 triliun.

Dilansir Katadata, Presiden Joe Biden dan DPR AS yang dikendalikan Partai Republik tengah mempertentangkan keputusan untuk menaikkan plafon utang. Para anggota dewan itu ingin Biden menerima usulan pemangkasan anggaran yang signifikan sebagai imbalan menaikkan plafon utang.

Namun satu sisi, pemerintahan Biden bersikeras bahwa kenaikan batas atas utang yang memungkinkan pemerintah membayar kewajiban tepat waktu tidak boleh menjadi alat tawar menawar.

Pinjaman pemerintah pusat atau federal pada dasarnya telah mencapai batas utang saat ini, sebesar US$31,38 triliun. Meskipun Menteri Keuangan Janet Yellen mengatakan, dapat menggunakan berbagai manuver akuntansi untuk menunda gagal bayar pemerintah selama beberapa bulan.

(Baca juga: Suku Bunga The Fed Naik Lagi Maret 2023, Perbankan AS Diklaim Tangguh)

Lantas, bagaimana perjalanan utang AS dari tahun ke tahun?

Data yang dicukil dari situs resmi pemerintah AS, Fiscal Data Treasury, menunjukkan, utang pemerintah AS selama 100 tahun terakhir disebut telah meningkat dari US$408 miliar (Rp6.000 triliun, kurs Rp14.705 per dolar AS) pada 1922 menjadi US$30,93 triliun (Rp454.831 triliun) pada tahun fiskal 2022.

Databoks mengambil perjalanan utang sejak 1980 hingga 2023, yang terlihat mengalami peningkatan cukup signifikan.

Kenaikan utang di AS dari tahun ke tahun meningkat US$1-2 triliun. Namun, pada 2019-2020, utangnya meningkat hingga US$4 triliun.

Pada 2019, utang AS tercatat US$26,26 triliun (Rp386.158 triliun) menjadi US$30,73 (Rp451.890 triliun).

Selama 43 tahun itu, AS hanya mengalami penurunan utang sebanyak tiga kali. Di antaranya pada 1980-1981, dari US$3,21 triliun (Rp47.203 triliun) menjadi US$3,18 triliun (Rp46.762 triliun).

Selanjutnya, pada 1998-1999 dari US$10,03 triliun (Rp147.493 triliun) menjadi US$10 triliun (Rp147.052 triliun).

Setahun setelahnya, utang juga turun, pada 2000 semula US$9,7 triliun (Rp142.640 triliun) menjadi US$9,67 triliun (Rp142.199 triliun) pada 2001.

Dalam laporannya, pemerintah mengakui AS memang telah membawa utang sejak awal, terlebih pada perang revolusi Amerika pada 1 Januari 1791. Utang terus bertambah hingga akhirnya pada 1835 menyusut karena penjualan tanah milik federal dan pemotongan anggaran federal.

Tak hanya perang revolusi, perang saudara AS, hingga keterlibatan AS dalam Perang Dunia I juga berkontribusi pada pembengkakan utang.

Lonjakan besar dalam utang juga terjadi karena perang Afghanistan dan Irak, resesi ekonomi yang hebat 2008, dan pandemi Covid-19.

"Dari TA (tahun anggaran) 2019 hingga TA 2021, pengeluaran meningkat sekitar 50%, sebagian besar disebabkan oleh pandemi Covid-19," tulis pemerintah AS.

Selain itu, pemotongan pajak, program stimulus, peningkatan pengeluaran pemerintah, dan penurunan pendapatan pajak yang disebabkan oleh meluasnya pengangguran, umumnya menyebabkan kenaikan tajam dalam utang nasional.

(Baca juga: Bagaimana Perbandingan Utang Pemerintah Indonesia Era SBY dan Jokowi?)

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