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Perjalanan Wabah Virus Marburg, Penyakit dengan Tingkat Kematian yang Tinggi | Databoks
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Perjalanan Wabah Virus Marburg, Penyakit dengan Tingkat Kematian yang Tinggi

Jumlah Kasus dan Kematian Akibat Virus Marburg (1967-2023)

Sumber : World Health Organization (WHO), 7 Agustus 2021

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Disalin..
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Penulis: Erlina F. Santika

Editor: Erlina F. Santika

29/3/2023, 15.48 WIB

Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (World Health Organization/WHO) melaporkan, penyakit akibat virus Marburg (MVD) terjadi di Kie-Ntem, Guinea Ekuatorial. Kasus ini ditaksir mencapai 16 kasus dengan 9 orang yang dinyatakan meninggal dunia.

Pernyataan yang dikeluarkan WHO berdasarkan dengan sampel darah yang diteliti. Dari 8 sampel, 1 di antaranya dinyatakan positif Marburg melalui tes RT-PCR.

WHO juga menyebut, salah satu suspek yang sempat diperiksa itu mengalami demam, muntah, diare berdarah, dan kejang-kejang, hingga akhirnya meninggal dunia pada Jumat (10/2/2023). Kasus tersebut punya kaitan dengan empat kasus meninggal di salah satu desa di Guinea Ekuatorial.

MVD, yang sebelumnya dikenal sebagai demam berdarah Marburg, disebut WHO sebagai penyakit yang parah dan seringkali fatal terjadi kepada manusia.

Tingkat kematian kasus ini bervariasi, dari 24%, 88%, bahkan 100%, tergantung pada strain virus dan manajemen kasus. Penyakit ini juga belum ada obat atau vaksinnya.

"Perawatan suportif–dengan cairan oral atau intravena–dan pengobatan secara spesifik meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup. Berbagai perawatan potensial sedang dievaluasi, termasuk produk (obat) untuk darah, terapi kekebalan, dan terapi obat," tulis WHO dalam laporannya pada 25 Februari 2023.

Rousettus aegyptiacus, kelelawar buah dari famili Pteropodidae, dianggap sebagai inang alami virus Marburg. Virus Marburg ditularkan dari kelelawar buah dan menyebar ke manusia. Manusia bisa menularkan ke manusia lain.

Berdasarkan catatan WHO, virus ini sebenarnya sudah terjadi sejak 1967. Seperti nama daerah Marburg, virus ini terdeteksi pertama di Jerman dengan jumlah 29 kasus dan 7 orang dinyatakan meninggal dunia. Tingkat kematian atau fatality rate sebesar 24%.

Di tahun yang sama, virus ini menjangkiti dua orang di Yugoslavia. Tidak ada yang meninggal.

Tingkat kasus paling banyak dan fatal terjadi di Angola pada 2005, dengan jumlah 374 kasus dan 329 orang di antaranya meninggal dunia. Fatality rate menyentuh 88%.

Uganda adalah negara yang paling banyak terkena kasus ini. Total ada 4 kasus di 4 tahun yang berbeda, dengan jumlah kematian mencapai 10 kasus.

(Baca juga: Tingkat Kematian Lima Wabah Dunia)

Imbauan Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia

Kementerian Kesehatan memastikan saat ini belum ada laporan kasus atau suspek penyakit Marburg di Indonesia. Namun, pemerintah tetap meminta masyarakat untuk waspada.

Dilansir dari laman resmi Kementerian Kesehatan, Indonesia melakukan penilaian risiko cepat (rapid risk assessment) penyakit virus Marburg pada 20 Februari 2023. Hasilnya, kemungkinan adanya importasi kasus virus Marburg di Indonesia adalah rendah.

Juru Bicara Kementerian Kesehatan Mohammad Syahril mengingatkan pemerintah dan masyarakat jangan sampai lengah terhadap virus tersebut.

“Kita perlu tetap melakukan kewaspadaan dini dan antisipasi terhadap penyakit virus Marburg,” kata Syahril melalui keterangan resmi pada Selasa (28/3/2023).

Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengeluarkan Surat Edaran tentang Kewaspadaan Terhadap Penyakit Virus Marburg. Pemerintah daerah, fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan, SDM kesehatan, dan para pemangku kepentingan terkait untuk waspada terhadap virus Marburg.

(Baca juga: Diare Masuk Daftar Penyebab Kematian Terbesar Dunia)

Berikut catatan kasus dan kematian akibat virus Marburg dari WHO.

  • Jerman (1967)
    Kasus: 29 kejadian
    Meninggal: 7 orang
  • Yugoslavia (1967)
    Kasus: 2 kejadian
    Meninggal: 0
  • Afrika Selatan (1975)
    Kasus: 3 kejadian
    Meninggal: 1 orang
  • Kenya (1980)
    Kasus: 2 kejadian
    Meninggal: 1 orang
  • Kenya (1987)
    Kasus: 1 kejadian
    Meninggal: 1 orang
  • Kongo (1998-2000)
    Kasus: 154 kejadian
    Meninggal 128 orang
  • Angola (2005)
    Kasus: 374 kejadian
    Meninggal: 329 orang
  • Uganda (2007)
    Kasus: 4 kejadian
    Meninggal: 2 orang
  • Amerika (2008)
    Kasus: 1 kejadian
    Meninggal: 0
  • Belanda (2008)
    Kasus: 1 kejadian
    Meninggal: 0
  • Uganda (2012)
    Kasus: 15 kejadian
    Meninggal: 4 orang
  • Uganda (2014)
    Kasus: 1 kejadian
    Meninggal: 1 orang
  • Uganda (2017)
    Kasus: 3 kejadian
    Meninggal: 3 orang
  • Guinea Ekuatorial (2023)
    Kasus: 16 kejadian
    Meninggal: 9 orang

(Baca juga: 10 Penyakit Paling Mematikan, Nomor 1 Jantung Koroner)

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