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Permintaan Ekspor Turun Awal 2023, Terutama dari AS dan Uni Eropa | Databoks Home Permintaan Ekspor Turun Awal 2023, Terutama dari AS dan Uni Eropa Permintaan Ekspor Turun Awal 2023, Terutama dari AS dan Uni Eropa Persentase Kenaikan/Penurunan Nilai Ekspor Nonmigas Indonesia Berdasarkan Negara Tujuan Utama (Januari-Februari 2023*) Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 15 Maret 2023
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Penulis: Adi Ahdiat
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16/3/2023, 12.50 WIB
Menurut laporan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), pada Februari 2023 nilai ekspor Indonesia mencapai sekitar USD 21,4 miliar, turun 4,15% dibanding bulan sebelumnya (month-on-month /mom).
Jika dilihat dari negara tujuannya, awal tahun ini permintaan ekspor turun paling signifikan dari Amerika Serikat (AS) dan Uni Eropa .
Pada periode Januari-Februari 2022, nilai ekspor Indonesia ke AS masih mampu mencapai USD 4,96 miliar. Namun, pada Januari-Februari 2023 nilainya turun 22,15% menjadi USD 3,86 miliar.
Dalam periode sama, nilai ekspor nonmigas ke Uni Eropa turun 11,54% dari USD 3,28 miliar menjadi USD 2,90 miliar.
Sementara itu ekspor nonmigas ke Tiongkok naik signifikan seperti terlihat pada grafik. Namun, secara kumulatif, naiknya penjualan ke negara tersebut belum mampu mendongkrak nilai ekspor nasional.
Adapun penurunan kinerja ekspor Indonesia sudah diramalkan sebelumnya oleh Bank Dunia.
Dalam laporan Indonesia Economic Prospects (IEP) edisi Desember 2022, Bank Dunia memproyeksikan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia pada 2023 bakal melemah karena berkurangnya permintaan global.
"Permintaan global yang melemah dapat merugikan kinerja ekspor Indonesia dan mengurangi aliran investasi asing. Pengetatan moneter global juga dapat memicu keluarnya arus modal yang lebih besar, serta depresiasi rupiah yang kemudian memicu inflasi," kata Bank Dunia.
(Baca: Bank Dunia Prediksi Ekonomi Indonesia Melemah pada 2023 )
Merespons situasi ini, Menteri Ketenagakerjaan (Menaker) Ida Fauziyah sudah menerbitkan Peraturan Menaker Nomor 5 Tahun 2023 tentang Penyesuaian Waktu Kerja dan Pengupahan pada Perusahaan Industri Padat Karya Tertentu Berorientasi Ekspor yang Terdampak Perubahan Ekonomi Global.
Peraturan itu mengizinkan sejumlah industri untuk melakukan penyesuaian, salah satunya dengan memotong gaji buruh maksimal 25%. Rinciannya tertuang dalam Pasal 8 yang berbunyi:
(1) Perusahaan industri padat karya tertentu berorientasi ekspor yang terdampak perubahan ekonomi global dapat melakukan penyesuaian besaran upah pekerja/buruh dengan ketentuan upah yang dibayarkan kepada pekerja/buruh paling sedikit 75% (tujuh puluh lima persen) dari upah yang biasa diterima.
(2) Penyesuaian sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pengusaha dengan pekerja/buruh.
Perusahaan industri padat karya tertentu berorientasi ekspor yang dimaksud dalam aturan itu adalah industri tekstil dan pakaian jadi; industri alas kaki ; industri kulit dan barang kulit; industri furnitur ; dan industri mainan anak.
Adapun industri padat karya yang diperbolehkan memangkas gaji buruh harus memenuhi kriteria berikut:
Jumlah pekerja/buruh paling sedikit 200 orang; Persentase biaya tenaga kerja dalam biaya produksi paling sedikit 15%; dan Produksi bergantung pada permintaan pesanan dari negara Amerika Serikat dan negara di benua Eropa yang dibuktikan dengan surat permintaan pesanan. (Baca: Kinerja Ekspor Turun Awal 2023, Menaker Izinkan Industri Potong Gaji Buruh )