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Ini Progres Hukum Kesetaraan Gender Indonesia menurut Bank Dunia | Databoks Home Ini Progres Hukum Kesetaraan Gender Indonesia menurut Bank Dunia Ini Progres Hukum Kesetaraan Gender Indonesia menurut Bank Dunia Indeks Kemampuan Hukum Indonesia dalam Menjamin Kesetaraan Gender di Bidang Ekonomi (2023) Sumber : World Bank, 2 Maret 2023
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Penulis: Adi Ahdiat
Editor: Adi Ahdiat
8/3/2023, 15.31 WIB
Berdasarkan laporan Women, Business, and the Law 2023 dari Bank Dunia, hukum Indonesia belum sepenuhnya menjamin kesetaraan gender di bidang ekonomi.
"Ketika hukum negara membatasi perempuan, gagal melindungi perempuan dari kekerasan, atau mendiskriminasi mereka di tempat kerja, maka perempuan cenderung tidak berpartisipasi penuh dalam ekonomi," kata Bank Dunia dalam laporannya.
"Perekonomian akan menjadi lebih dinamis, kuat, dan tangguh ketika semua warga negara, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, dapat berkontribusi dengan setara," lanjutnya.
Setiap tahun Bank Dunia menilai kemampuan hukum negara-negara dalam menjamin kesetaraan hak ekonomi laki-laki dan perempuan . Penilaian didasarkan pada ada atau tidaknya aturan hukum terkait delapan indikator berikut:
Jaminan kebebasan mobilitas perempuan Perlindungan perempuan dan kesetaraan di tempat kerja Kesetaraan upah Kesetaraan kesempatan berbisnis Kesetaraan tunjangan pensiun Kesetaraan hak kepemilikan aset Kesetaraan dalam pengasuhan anak Kesetaraan dalam hubungan perkawinan Bank Dunia kemudian memberi skor antara 0-100 untuk tiap negara. Skor "0" diartikan sebagai tidak adanya jaminan, sedangkan skor "100" berarti negara telah memberi jaminan penuh.
Dengan sistem penilaian tersebut, pada 2023 Indonesia mendapat skor kumulatif 70,6, membaik dibanding tahun lalu yang hanya 64,4.
Tapi, skor kesetaraan gender Indonesia masih tertinggal dibanding negara-negara tetangga , yakni peringkat ke-8 dari 11 negara ASEAN.
Berikut rincian skor Indonesia pada 2023 berdasarkan indikatornya serta perbandingannya dengan tahun lalu:
1. Jaminan Mobilitas: Skor 100 (tidak berubah)
Secara hukum, perempuan di Indonesia bebas memilih tempat tinggal dan bepergian secara mandiri. Berbeda dengan di Malaysia dan Brunei Darussalam, yang hukum negaranya masih memuat sejumlah pembatasan terhadap mobilitas perempuan.
2. Perlindungan Kerja: Skor 100 (meningkat)
Indonesia memiliki hukum yang melarang diskriminasi dan menjamin kesetaraan kesempatan kerja bagi laki-laki dan perempuan.
Pada 2023 Indonesia juga sudah punya regulasi serta aturan pidana/perdata untuk melindungi perempuan dari pelecehan seksual di lingkungan kerja. Hal ini mendorong peningkatan skor Indonesia menjadi 100, yang di tahun sebelumnya hanya 50.
3. Kesetaraan Upah: Skor 75 (tidak berubah)
Kesetaraan upah laki-laki dan perempuan di Indonesia dinilai sudah cukup baik. Adapun kekurangannya menurut Bank Dunia, Indonesia belum punya hukum yang mengamanatkan kesetaraan remunerasi untuk bidang-bidang kerja yang memiliki nilai sama (equal value ).
4. Kesempatan Berbisnis: Skor 75 (tidak berubah)
Indonesia sudah menjamin kesempatan berbisnis yang cukup setara bagi laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun, Bank Dunia menilai Indonesia belum punya hukum yang melarang diskriminasi perempuan dalam penyaluran kredit usaha.
5. Tunjangan Pensiun: Skor 75 (tidak berubah)
Indonesia sudah menerapkan kebijakan pensiun yang sama untuk semua jenis kelamin. Tapi, Bank Dunia menilai besaran uang pensiunnya belum memperhitungkan masa cuti hamil atau cuti pengasuhan anak.
6. Kepemilikan Aset: Skor 60 (tidak berubah)
Kesempatan laki-laki dan perempuan dalam memiliki aset dan properti di Indonesia sudah setara. Namun, Bank Dunia menilai Indonesia masih punya hukum yang membedakan hak waris laki-laki dan perempuan.
7. Pengasuhan Anak: Skor 40 (tidak berubah)
Indonesia mendapat skor rendah dalam indikator ini karena hukumnya belum mengatur cuti khusus pengasuhan anak, baik bagi ayah maupun ibu yang bekerja. Bayaran cuti hamil juga belum ditanggung 100% oleh pemerintah.
8. Kesetaraan dalam Perkawinan: Skor 40 (tidak berubah)
Tidak ada hukum Indonesia yang mewajibkan istri tunduk pada suami. Namun, Indonesia mendapat skor rendah di indikator ini karena masih ada pembedaan prosedur cerai bagi laki-laki dan perempuan.
Hukum Indonesia juga membedakan prosedur kawin lagi bagi laki-laki dan perempuan yang sudah bercerai. Janda yang hendak kawin lagi harus menunggu minimal 90 hari setelah bercerai. Sedangkan untuk duda, tidak ada aturan semacam itu.
(Baca: Ini Negara ASEAN yang Paling Menjamin Kesetaraan Suami-Istri )