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Ini Perbandingan Indeks Demokrasi Rusia dan Ukraina Sepanjang Perang | Databoks Home Ini Perbandingan Indeks Demokrasi Rusia dan Ukraina Sepanjang Perang Ini Perbandingan Indeks Demokrasi Rusia dan Ukraina Sepanjang Perang Indeks Demokrasi Rusia dan Ukraina per Kategori (2022) Sumber : Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 2022
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Penulis: Erlina F. Santika
Editor: Erlina F. Santika
25/2/2023, 16.00 WIB
Lembaga Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU ) merilis skor indeks demokrasi negara-negara sepanjang 2022. Riset kali ini berfokus pada konteks perang Rusia-Ukraina dan kepentingannya bagi masa depan demokrasi di dunia. Diketahui, perang itu sudah menginjak setahun pada Jumat (24/2/2023).
Untuk Ukraina , total indeks demokrasi yang didapat adalah 5,42 poin skor. Skor itu membawa Ukraina masuk peringkat 87 dunia, turun satu peringkat dari indeks 2021.
Ukraina dikategorikan EIU sebagai negara "rezim hibrid", yang berasal dari hasil transisi tidak lengkap, semula rezim otoriter ke demokratis.
Secara skor per kategori, Ukraina cukup unggul di partisipasi politik masyarakatnya serta penyelenggaraan pemilu dan pluralisme. Namun untuk fungsi pemerintahannya dinilai masih rendah, dengan capaian 2,71 poin.
Sementara Rusia secara keseluruhan mendapat skor 2,28 poin dan menduduki peringkat 146 dunia. Perolehan itu membuatnya merosot 22 poin dari indeks tahun sebelumnya.
Nilai-nilai tiap kategori Rusia cukup rendah. Tertinggi adalah budaya politik yang berkembang, mencapai 3,75 poin. Sementara skor paling bawah adalah kategori pemilu dan pluralisme, yakni 0,92 poin. Rusia masuk dalam klasifikasi rezim otoriter.
EIU berpandangan, komitmen rakyat Ukraina untuk memperjuangkan hak menentukan masa depan mereka sendiri sangat menginspirasi. Ini menunjukkan kekuatan ide dan prinsip untuk mengikat bangsa dan rakyatnya dalam mengejar demokrasi.
Sementara Rusia disebut EIU sebagai pecundang terbesar di tahun 2022.
Menurutnya, jika perjuangan Ukraina untuk mempertahankan perbatasannya adalah demonstrasi demokrasi dalam tindakan, pelanggaran Rusia terhadap kedaulatan Ukraina adalah produk dari ambisi kekaisaran.
"Impian Vladimir Putin untuk memulihkan posisi Rusia sebagai kekuatan kekaisaran kandas," tulis EIU dalam laporannya.
Setelah setahun pertempuran di Ukraina, EIU melihat pada akhir 2022 bahwa Rusia tidak hanya kalah di medan perang, tetapi juga berjuang untuk memenangkan perang propaganda di dalam dan luar negeri.
Menurut EIU, kampanye militernya yang ceroboh memicu kecaman dari kaum nasionalis fanatik, sementara tingginya angka kematian dan dampak lainnya akibat perang meresahkan masyarakat.
(Baca juga: Setahun Perang Rusia-Ukraina, 8 Ribu Warga Sipil Tewas )
EIU menyebut, perang ini justru hanya meningkatkan sikap represif terhadap bentuk perbedaan pendapat dan personalisasi kekuasaan di negara-negara. Ini juga mendorong Rusia menuju kediktatoran.
"Rusia mencatat penurunan tahunan terbesar dalam skor indeksnya dibandingkan negara mana pun di dunia pada tahun 2022 dan turun lebih jauh ke peringkat global," kata EIU.
Indeks demokrasi EIU menggunakan 60 indikator dalam penelitiannya dan diukur dengan skala 0 sampai 10.
Indikator dikelompokkan ke dalam lima kategori, yakni proses pemilu dan pluralisme; kebebasan sipil; berfungsinya pemerintahan; partisipasi politik; dan budaya politik.
Perhitungan nilai kategori pun dilakukan dengan skala yang sama. Adapun kalkulasi indeks total adalah rata-rata dari lima indeks kategori tersebut.
Ada beberapa hal yang patut diperhatikan jika negara tidak mendapat skor hingga 1 poin dalam ketegorinya:
Apakah pemilu nasional bebas dan adil. Keamanan pemilih. Pengaruh kekuatan asing terhadap pemerintahan. Kemampuan pegawai pemerintahan untuk melaksanakan kebijakan. Nilai indeks digunakan untuk menempatkan negara dalam klasifikasi rezim:
Demokrasi penuh: skor lebih besar dari 8 Demokrasi yang cacat: skor lebih besar dari 6, dan kurang dari atau sama dengan 8 Rezim hibrida: skor lebih besar dari 4, dan kurang dari atau sama dengan 6 Rezim otoriter: skor kurang dari atau sama dengan 4 (Baca juga: Mayoritas Negara ASEAN Cacat Demokrasi, Sisanya Otoriter )