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Mayoritas Negara ASEAN Cacat Demokrasi, Sisanya Otoriter | Databoks
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Mayoritas Negara ASEAN Cacat Demokrasi, Sisanya Otoriter

Indeks Demokrasi Negara-Negara ASEAN (2022)

Sumber : Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 1 Februari 2023

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Penulis: Adi Ahdiat

Editor: Adi Ahdiat

3/2/2023, 14.00 WIB

Menurut Indeks Demokrasi yang dirilis Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), mayoritas negara anggota ASEAN memiliki sistem demokrasi yang cacat.

EIU menghitung Indeks Demokrasi menggunakan lima indikator besar, yaitu proses pemilu dan pluralisme politik, fungsi pemerintahan, tingkat partisipasi politik masyarakat, budaya politik, dan kebebasan sipil.

EIU kemudian mengklasifikasikan negara-negara ke dalam empat kategori rezim berdasarkan skor indeksnya, yaitu:

  • Skor indeks >8: demokrasi penuh (full democracy)
  • Skor indeks >6 sampai ≤8: demokrasi cacat (flawed democracy)
  • Skor indeks >4 sampai ≤6: hibrida (hybrid regime)
  • Skor indeks ≤4: otoriter (authoritarian)

Dari 11 negara anggota ASEAN, tak ada satupun yang dinilai sudah menerapkan demokrasi penuh sampai 2022.

Mayoritas atau 6 negara ASEAN masuk kategori demokrasi cacat, yaitu Malaysia, Timor Leste, Filipina, Indonesia, Thailand, dan Singapura.

Kemudian 4 negara lainnya masuk kategori otoriter, yaitu Kamboja, Vietnam, Laos, dan Myanmar dengan rincian skor seperti terlihat pada grafik.

Sementara 1 negara sisanya, yaitu Brunei Darussalam, tidak tercatat dalam indeks EIU.

Berdasarkan penjelasan EIU, negara-negara yang masuk kelompok demokrasi cacat (flawed democracy) umumnya sudah memiliki sistem pemilu yang bebas dan adil, serta menghormati hak kebebasan sipil dasar.

Namun, di negara demokrasi cacat, tingkat kebebasan pers masih cenderung rendah. Budaya politiknya cenderung antikritik, partisipasi politik warga lemah, dan kinerja pemerintahnya belum optimal.

Adapun negara-negara yang masuk kategori otoriter biasanya dipimpin oleh diktator, yakni pemerintahan yang memiliki kekuasaan mutlak.

Negara otoriter tidak memiliki pluralisme politik, kebebasan sipil sangat dibatasi, media massa biasanya dimiliki rezim penguasa, banyak represi atau sensor kritik terhadap pemerintah, dan lembaga peradilan tidak independen.

Pada 2022 Indonesia meraih skor Indeks Demokrasi 6,71, belum ada perubahan dari tahun sebelumnya. Meski masih tergolong cacat, skor demokrasi Indonesia tertinggi ke-4 di ASEAN, cukup baik bila dibandingkan negara-negara tetangga.

(Baca: Kepedulian Warga RI pada Politik Tergolong Rendah di ASEAN)

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Politik